- Introduction to the PC
How the PC Works
The Computer's Primary Jobs
How the Computer Computes
Example: What Happens When You Press A Key
Overview of Systems and Components
PC Fundamentals
Binary vs. Decimal Measurements
Basic Electrical Components
Jumpers
Signaling, Clocks and Synchronous Data Transfer - Systems and Components Reference Guide
System Case
Parts of the System Case
Styles and Sizes
Form Factors
Case Switches
Case LEDs
Drive Bays
Power
External Power
Electrical Power Basics
External Power Problems
Protection Against Power Problems
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Uninterruptible Power Supply Overview
Uninterruptible Power Supply Types
Parts of the Uninterruptible Power Supply
Uninterruptible Power Supply Functions and Features
Comparison of Power Protection Methods
The Power Supply
Power Supply Functions and Signals
Parts of the Power Supply
Power Supply Form Factors
Power Supply Output and Ratings
Power Supply Specifications and Certifications
Motherboard and System Devices
The Motherboard
Motherboard Form Factors
Parts of the Motherboard
Motherboard Integrated Components
System Chipset and Controllers
Chipset Functions and Features
Chipset Processor Support
Chipset Cache Support
Chipset Memory Support
Chipset Timing and Flow Control
Chipset Peripheral and I/O Bus Control
Chipset Power Management Support
Popular Chipsets
Fourth Generation (486 Class) Chipsets
Fifth Generation (Pentium Class) Intel Chipsets
Fifth Generation (Pentium Class) Non-Intel Chipsets
Sixth Generation (Pentium Pro / Pentium II Class) Chipsets
Keyboard Controller Functions
Super I/O Controller Functions
Additional Integrated Motherboard Functions
System Buses
System Bus Functions and Features
System Bus Types
Older Bus Types
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Local Bus
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
System BIOS
System BIOS Functions and Operation
BIOS System Boot Operations
BIOS Components and Features
BIOS Setup Program
BIOS Settings
Standard Settings
Advanced Features
Advanced Chipset Features
PCI / PnP Configuration
Power Management
Integrated Peripherals
IDE Device Setup / Autodetection
Security / Password Settings
Hardware Device Settings / ("CPU Soft Menu")
Auto Configuration and Defaults
Exit Setup
System Cache
Role of Cache in the PC
"Layers" of Cache
Function and Operation of the System Cache
Cache Characteristics
Cache Transfer Technologies and Timing
Cache Structure and Packaging
System Resources
Interrupts (IRQs)
Interrupt Function and Operation
IRQ Details By Number
Direct Memory Access (DMA) Channels
DMA Channel Function and Operation
DMA Channel Details By Number
Input / Output (I/O) Addresses
Logical Devices
Memory Addresses and Device BIOSes
System Configuration
Resource Conflicts and Conflict Resolution
Plug and Play
The Processor
Roots of the Processor: Digital Logic and the Semiconductor
Processor Physical Characteristics
Processor Manufacturing
Physical Chip Characteristics
Processor Power and Voltage
Processor Cooling
Processor Packaging
Processor Sockets and Slots
Processor Architecture and Operation
External Processor Interfaces and Operation
Internal Processor Architecture and Operation
Processor Instruction Sets
Processor Modes
Internal Architectural Components
Instruction Execution Process
Performance Enhancing Architectural Features
Processor Performance
Processor Families
Explanation of Processor Summary Tables
First Generation Processors
Second Generation Processors
Third Generation Processors
Fourth Generation Processors
Fifth Generation Processors
Sixth Generation Processors
System Memory
Memory Technology Types
Memory Speed, Access and Timing
DRAM Technologies
Memory Size
Memory Packaging
Memory Errors, Detection and Correction
Logical Memory Layout
Video Cards
Video Card Overview
Video System Interfaces
Video Modes, Resolution and Color
Video Memory Function and Speed
Video Memory Technologies
Video Display Standards
3D Video Acceleration
Full-Motion Video
Video Card Performance
Monitors
Monitor Construction and Operation
Monitor Resolution, Color and Refresh
Monitor Size
CRT Characteristics
Monitor Power and Safety
Hard Disk Drives
A Brief History of the Hard Disk Drive
Construction and Operation of the Hard Disk Drive
Hard Disk Operational Overview
Hard Disk Platters and Media
Hard Disk Read/Write Heads
Read/Write Head Operation
Read/Write Head Technologies
Hard Disk Head Sliders, Arms and Actuator
Hard Disk Spindle Motor
Hard Disk Connectors and Jumpers
Hard Disk Logic Board
Hard Disk Cache and Cache Circuitry
Hard Disk Form Factors
Hard Disk Packaging and Mounting
Hard Disk Geometry and Low-Level Data Structures
Data Encoding and Decoding
Tracks, Cylinders and Sectors
Formatting and Capacity
Geometry Specifications and Translation
Error Management and Recovery
Hard Disk Performance, Quality and Reliability
Hard Disk Performance
Hard Disk General Performance Issues
Hard Disk Performance Measurement
Hard Disk Performance Specifications
General Notes On Performance Specifications
Positioning Plus Transfer Performance Specifications
Positioning Performance Specifications
Transfer Performance Specifications
Other Performance Specifications
Hard Disk Internal Performance Factors
Mechanical Design Factors
Data Recording and Encoding Factors
Controller and Cache Factors
Hard Disk External Performance Factors
Disk Interface Factors
PC System Factors
File System Factors
Hard Disk Quality and Reliability
Hard Disk Quality and Reliability Specifications
Hard Disk Quality and Reliability Issues
Hard Disk Quality and Reliability Features
Hard Disk Warranty and Disaster Recovery Issues
Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
Why Use RAID? Benefits and Costs, Tradeoffs and Limitations
RAID Concepts and Issues
General RAID Concepts
RAID Performance Issues
RAID Reliability Issues
RAID Levels
Technical Factors Differentiating RAID Levels
Single RAID Levels
Multiple (Nested) RAID Levels
"Just A Bunch Of Disks"
Summary Comparison of RAID Levels
RAID Configuration and Implementation
RAID Controllers and Controller Features
RAID Hard Disk Drive Requirements
RAID Management
Advanced RAID Features
Hard Disk BIOS and Capacity Factors
BIOS and the Hard Disk
Hard Disk Size Barriers
BIOS Translation Modes
Overcoming BIOS Disk Size Barriers
Hard Disk Interfaces and Configuration
Hard Disk General Interface Factors
Obsolete Hard Disk Interfaces
Specialty and Future Hard Disk Interfaces
Integrated Drive Electronics / AT Attachment (IDE/ATA) Interface
Overview and History of the IDE/ATA Interface
Official IDE/ATA Standards and Feature Sets
Unofficial IDE/ATA Standards and Marketing Programs
IDE/ATA Transfer Modes and Protocols
IDE/ATA Configuration and Cabling
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
Overview and History of the SCSI Interface
SCSI Standards
SCSI-1
SCSI-2
SCSI-3
SCSI Data Transfer Modes and Feature Sets
SCSI Protocols and Interface Features
Summary of SCSI Protocols and Transfer Modes
SCSI Host Adapters
SCSI Cables and Connectors
SCSI Configuration and Cabling
IDE/ATA vs. SCSI: Interface Comparison
Hard Disk Logical Structures and File Systems
Operating Systems and File Systems
PC File Systems
PC Operating System and File System Cross-Reference
Major Disk Structures and the Boot Process
FAT File System Disk Volume Structures
Clusters and File Allocation
Partitioning, Partition Sizes and Drive Lettering
Disk Partitioning and Formatting Programs
Disk Compression
New Technology File System (NTFS)
Overview and History of NTFS
NTFS Versions
NTFS Architecture and Structures
NTFS Directories and Files
NTFS Security and Permissions
NTFS Reliability Features and System Management
Other NTFS Features and Advantages
NTFS Implementation Considerations
Floppy Disk Drives
Floppy Disk Drive Construction and Operation
Floppy Disk Media and Low-Level Data Structures
Floppy Disk Formats and Logical Structures
Floppy Disk Interfacing and Configuration
CD-ROM Drives
CD-ROM Drive Construction and Operation
Compact Disk Media
Compact Disk Formats
Recordable CD (CD-R)
Rewriteable CD (CD-RW)
CD-ROM Performance and Reliability
CD-ROM Interfaces and Configuration
Keyboards
Keyboard Construction and Operation
Keycaps
Keyswitches
Other Regular Keyboard Components
Keyboard Operation
Keyboard Key Groupings
Keyboard Layouts
General Layout Issues
Alphanumeric Key Layouts
Standard Keyboard Layouts
Non-Standard Keyboard Layouts
Special Keyboard Features and Accessories
Keyboard Software Issues
The PC Buyer's Guide
Introduction To The PC Buyer's Guide
Step-By-Step Summary Guide To Buying A PC
Requirements Analysis
General Requirements Analysis Issues
Determining Your PC Requirements
Buying, Building and Upgrading
Budget Considerations
PC Use Profiles
Designing and Specifying PC Systems and Components
PC Types
Designing PCs: Structure and Subsystems
PC Structural Design
PC Subsystem Design
Key Performance Issues In PC System Design
Key Non-Performance Issues In PC System Design
Component Specification Issues
System-Based Key Component Selection
Detailed Considerations and Tips for Specifying Particular Components
Notebook PC Specification Issues
Software Issues in PC Specification
Understanding PC Sources, Vendors and Prices
The PC Industry, Vendors and The Market
Sources For PC Systems and Components
Retail Sources
Online, Catalog and Mail Order Sources
Other Sources
Summary Comparison of PC Sources
Cross-Reference Between PC Sources and PC Types
Researching Vendors and Prices
Vendor Evaluation Factors
Reputation and History
Pricing, Selection and Stock
Factors Affecting Pricing
Customer Service
Guarantees and Return Policies
Warranty Service and Warranty Policies
Support
Vendor "Danger Signals"
Purchasing PCs and Components
Purchase Timing
Delivery Methods and Issues
Payment Methods
Immediate Payment Options
Delayed Payment Options
Comparison of Payment Methods
Making The Purchase
Vendor and Order Problems and Solutions
Common Vendor and Order Problems
Dealing With Difficult Vendors and Order Problems
Dealing With Vendor Abuses and Deceptive Practices
After The Purchase
Upon System Receipt
Problems With Your System
Final Matters
System Care Guide
Preventive Maintenance
System Care: Protecting Your PC
General System Care Factors
Environmental Care Factors
Cooling and Ventilation Care Factors
Power Care Factors
Care of Specific Components
Care of Media
Data Loss and Virus Prevention
Data Problem Prevention
Data Problem Detection
Virus Detection and Protection
Background on Viruses
Virus Infection Mechanisms and Prevention
Virus Scanning and Antivirus Software
Backups and Disaster Recovery
A Mental Exercise To Underscore the Importance of Backups
The Risks To Your Data
Backup Methods, Devices and Media
Backup Scheduling and Media Rotation Systems
What To Back Up
How To Back Up
Boot Disks
Disaster Recovery
Troubleshooting and Repair Guide
General Troubleshooting Techniques
Troubleshooting and Your Mental State
Steps To Take First When Troubleshooting
General Diagnostic Techniques
Diagnostic, Troubleshooting and Repair Tools
The Troubleshooting Expert
Using the Troubleshooting Expert
Troubleshooting Boot Problems
Boot Problem Troubleshooting Walkthrough
Quick Access to Boot Process Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting The System Overall
Troubleshooting BIOS Beep Codes
American Megatrends Inc. (AMI BIOS)
Award BIOS
Phoenix BIOS
Older BIOS Family (Phoenix BIOS Plus, PhoenixBIOS 1.x)
Newer BIOS Family (PhoenixBIOS 4.x)
Other Brand
Troubleshooting Boot-Time Error Messages
Troubleshooting Run-Time Error Messages
Troubleshooting System Instablity, Reboots and Crashes
Troubleshooting System Slowdowns
Troubleshooting Specific Components
System Case
Assembly or Physical Issues
LEDs or Case Buttons
Key Lock
Power Sources and Power Protection Devices
Motherboard and System Devices
General Failures
CMOS Memory or Real-Time Clock
System BIOS
Physical Issues
Secondary Cache
System Bus, Resources and Expansion Cards
The Processor
System Memory
Apparent Failure
Parity Errors
Memory Not Recognized
Out of Memory Problems
Performance Issues
Video Cards
Failure or Improper Operation
Image Quality Problems
Performance or Video Mode Issues
Monitors
Failure or Improper Operation
Image Quality Problems
Hard Disk Drives
Booting or Operation Problems
Missing Space Issues
Configuration Issues
Dynamic Drive Overlay Problems
Disk Compression Issues
Drive Letter Issues
Errors
Physical Problems
File System Problems
Performance Issues
Windows Issues
Floppy Disk Drives
Booting or Operation Problems
Disk Formatting Problems
Errors
Physical Problems
File System Problems
CD-ROM Drives
Drive Not Recognized
Configuration Problems
Physical Problems
Errors
Audio Issues
Performance Issues
Peripheral I/O Ports
Keyboards
Mice
Modems
Operation and Connection Problems
Speed Issues
Errors and Download Problems
Call Waiting Problems
Software Modem Issues
Operating Systems and Applications
Obtaining Technical Support
Using Automated Technical Support Systems
Calling For Technical Support
Other Alternatives for Technical Support
Repairs, Returns and Refunds
Determining the Feasibility of Repair
Deciding On A Course Of Action
Performing a Repair or Return
System Optimization and Enhancement Guide
System Optimizations and Enhancements
Using the System Optimizations and Enhancements
Enhance and Streamline the Boot Process
Improve the PC's Physical and Environmental Characteristics
System Resource (IRQ, DMA, I/O, COM) Conservation and Optimization
General System Performance Optimization
Operating System Performance Optimization
Hard Disk Performance Optimization
Windows System Resource Optimization
Conventional and Upper Memory Optimization
Video and Image Optimization
File System Optimization and Freeing Disk Space
Improve the Reliability of the System
Miscellaneous Improvements
Overclocking: The Dissenting Opinion
Introduction to Overclocking
Overclocking Risks and Rewards
Should You Overclock?
Procedure Guide
Explanation of Procedure Overviews
General Installation and Assembly Tips
New PC Assembly Procedure
Configuration Procedures
System Layout Planning Procedure
Case Floor Relocation Procedure
Floppy Disk Drive Connection Procedure
Hard Disk Drive Connection Procedure
CD-ROM Drive Connection Procedure
IDE/ATA Device Configuration Procedure
Motherboard Configuration Procedure
Motherboard and Case Connection Procedure
External Peripheral Connection Procedure
Physical Installation Procedures
System Case Preparation Procedure
Floppy Disk Drive Physical Installation Procedure
Hard Disk Drive Physical Installation Procedure
CD-ROM Drive Physical Installation Procedure
Processor Physical Installation Procedure
Heat Sink Physical Installation Procedure
Cache Module Physical Installation Procedure
Memory Module Physical Installation Procedure
Motherboard Physical Installation Procedure
I/O Port Connector Physical Installation Procedure
PS/2 Mouse Port Connector Physical Installation Procedure
Video Card Physical Installation Procedure
Uninstallation and Disassembly Procedures
System Case Cover Removal Procedure
Setup and Inspection Procedures
Post-Assembly Inspection Procedure
Post-Assembly Initial Boot Procedure
Safe BIOS Setup Procedure
Post-Assembly Initial Test Procedure
Hard Disk Partitioning and Formatting Procedure
CD-ROM Driver Installation Procedure
System Documentation Procedure
Identification Procedures
Video Card Identification Procedure
Windows 95 Version Identification Procedure
File System Identification Procedure
Software Procedures
Boot Disk Creation Procedure
Manual Windows 95 Recovery Procedure
Windows 95 Installation Procedure
Technical Resource Guide (Including Links)
Reference Tables
Online Technical Resources (Links)
General World Wide Web Links
Component-Specific World Wide Web Links
USEnet Newsgroups
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
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